Acacia ramulosa var. linophylla, commonly known as bowgada, wanderry mulga, horse mulga or sometimes wanyu, is a tree in the family Fabaceae. Widespread on loose red sand throughout south central Western Australia, it also occurs sporadically in South Australia.
Bowgada grows as a spreading shrub or low tree, up to four metres long and often wider than it is high. Like most Acacia species, it has phyllodes rather than true leaves. These are greyish green in colour, round in cross-section, and held almost vertically; they may be up to thirteen centimetres long and two millimetres in diameter. The flowers are yellow, and held in cylindrical clusters about two centimetres long. The pods are thick and woody, up to ten centimetres long and one centimetre wide, with deep fissures along their length.
Bowgada was formally named Acacia linophylla until 2001, when it was recognised as a variety of Acacia ramulosa.
Wikispecies has information related to: Acacia ramulosa linophylla
“Acacia ramulosa var. linophylla”. Flora of Australia Online. Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government. http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/online-resources/flora/stddisplay.xsql?pnid=1336.
“Acacia ramulosa var. linophylla”. FloraBase. Department of Environment and Conservation, Government of Western Australia. http://florabase.dec.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/19483.
Mitchell, A. A. and Wilcox, D. G. (1994). Arid Shrubland Plants of Western Australia, Second and Enlarged Edition. University of Western Australia Press, Nedlands, Western Australia. ISBN 1-875560-22-X.
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_ramulosa_var._linophylla”
Categories: Rosids of Western Australia | Acacia | Fabales of Australia
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Fisheries scientists sorting discards (mainly sprat, small herring and whiting) from targeted species (Nephrops norvegicus) in a trawl catch.
Discards are the portion of a catch of fish which is not retained on board during commercial fishing operations and is returned, often dead or dying, to the sea. The practice of discarding is driven by economic and political factors; fish which are discarded are often unmarketable species, individuals which are below minimum landing sizes and catches of species which fishermen are not allowed to land, for instance due to quota restrictions. Discards form part of the bycatch of a fishing operation, although bycatch includes marketable species caught unintentionally. Discarding can be highly variable in time and space as a consequence of changing economic, sociological, environmental and biological factors .
Discarding patterns are influenced by catch compositions, which in turn are determined by environmental factors, such as recruitment of small fish into the fishery, and social factors, such as quota regulation, choice of fishing gear and fishermen’s behaviour. There have been numerous studies on the scale of discarding. In the North Sea the total annual quantity of discards has been estimated at 800,000–950,000 tonnes, or the equivalent of one-third of the total weight landed annually and one-tenth of the estimated total biomass of fish in the North Sea.
Contents
1Impacts
2Discard policies
2.1Norway
2.2Canada
2.3Iceland
2.4New Zealand
2.5The European Union
3Notes
4References
Impacts
Discarding impacts on the environment in two ways; firstly, through increased mortality to target and non-target species, particularly at juvenile life-history stages, and secondly, through alteration of food webs by supplying increased levels of food to scavenging organisms on the sea floor, and to sea birds. The survival of discarded fish and invertebrates is variable and depends on species and fishing gear used. For example, species such as the Pacific halibut caught in long-line fisheries in the Bering Sea, or lesser spotted dogfish in beam trawls in the English Channel have survival rates of between 88-98%. Survival rates of roundfish discards are significantly lower, and this mortality is included in most ICES stock assessments. Crustaceans are thought to be more hardy, though survival of crustaceans is variable; for instance, a survival rate of 25% is assumed for Nephrops norvegicus, the Norway Lobster, whilst survival rates of almost 100% have been demonstrated for the hermit crab, Pagurus bernhardus.
Discard policies
Discarding is a problem in all fisheries, and nations have adopted a number of measures to deal with the issue. The idea of banning discards is that since the fish that are discarded have a negligible chance of survival it is better from a management perspective that they are included in the fishing induced mortality figures on which allowable catch estimates are based.
Norway
The Norwegian Government introduced a ban on the discarding of some commercial species of fish in mid 1990. The initiative in Norway has been coupled with a comprehensive programme of monitoring and surveillance and a system whereby areas can be opened and closed when bycatch rates become excessive. The Norwegian system of attempting to reduce mortality of illegal fish is based on reducing their capture rather than reducing landing of “illegal” specimens.
Canada
Canada has also instituted a ban on discarding at sea in its Atlantic groundfish fishery that makes it illegal to return to the water any groundfish except those specifically authorised and those caught in cod traps. Authorised release is only considered for species that are known to have high survival rates on release or where there is no practical or nutritional use for a particular species. In addition to the banning of discards larger vessels are required to carry observers which would imply that there are now no illegal discards on these vessels.
Iceland
The introduction by the Icelandic Government of an Individual Transferable Quota (ITQ) system of fisheries management across virtually all its major fisheries was followed by the introduction of a ban of at-sea discarding of catch. The Icelandic regulations require the retention of most fish for which quotas have been set or species for which a market exists. Since it is compulsory to land smaller fish but the government does not wish to encourage their capture, there are upper limits on the percentage weight of fish that can be landed below minimum landing size. Both Greenland and the Faroe Islands have introduced similar regulations.
New Zealand
The quota management system in place in New Zealand makes the discarding of most species of fish illegal. The ITQ system in New Zealand is complex system, and where fish are landed by a fisherman without quota for a particular species, they have the option to buy quota from another fisherman, or the value of the overrun catch be surrendered to the state. In many cases the fishermen find it easier to discard the fish at sea than go through the complex system of landing the fish and then making it legal. There was a measurable increase in discarding immediately following the introduction of the ITQ system, despite the fact that fishermen were offered 10% of the market price for fish landed outside quota. In an attempt to address this change, the New Zealand Government increased the percentage of market price paid to 50%. The balance between offering an incentive to land discarded fish and the disincentive to catch fish over or outside quota limits is clearly a fine one, and dependent on the financial reward or penalty attached.
The European Union
EU legislation currently states that there are total allowable catches for each species, which are sub-divided between European Union member states, the intention of which is to conserve fish stocks. The individual countries then use this figure as a basis for quota allocation to individual fishermen or fishermens organisations. The quota rules however require that any fish which is caught outside quota allowances or below minimum landing size be discarded and that it is an offence for a fishing vessel to be carrying on board any fish for which it does not have a valid quota or which is outside regulated size limits. This is an example of discarding practice being driven by political considerations.
Notes
^T.L. Catchpole; C.L.J. Frid & T.S. Gray (2005). “Discards in North Sea fisheries: causes, consequences and solutions”. Marine Policy29 (5): 421–430. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2004.07.001.
^M.L. Tasker; C.J. Camphuysen, J. Cooper, S. Garthe, W. Montevecchi & S. Blaber (2000). “The impacts of fishing on marine birds”. ICES Journal of Marine Science57: 531–547. doi:10.1006/jmsc.2000.0714.
^N. Daan; P. Bromley, J. Hislop & N. Nielsen (1990). “Ecology of North Sea fish”. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research26: 343–386. doi:10.1016/0077-7579(90)90096-Y.
^ abM. Bergmann; D. J. Beare & P. G. Moore (May 2001). “Damage sustained by epibenthic invertebrates discarded in the Nephrops fishery of the Clyde Sea area, Scotland”. Journal of Sea Research45 (2): 105–118. doi:10.1016/S1385-1101(01)00053-3.
^S. Groenwold; M. Fonds (2000). “Effects on benthic scavengers of discards and damaged benthos produced by the beam-trawl fishery in the southern North Sea”. ICES Journal of Marine Science57: 1395–1406. doi:10.1006/jmsc.2000.0914.
^S. Garthe; C.J. Camphuysen & R.W. Furness (1996). “Amounts of discards by commercial fisheries and their significance as food for seabirds in the North Sea”. Marine Ecology-Progress Series136: 1–11. doi:10.3345/meps136001 (inactive 2010-01-07).
^R.J. Trumble; S.M. Kaimmer & G.H. Williams (November 2000). “Estimation of Discard Mortality Rates for Pacific Halibut Bycatch in Groundfish Longline Fisheries”. North American Journal of Fisheries Management20 (4): 931–939. doi:10.1577/1548-8675(2000)020 (inactive 2010-01-07). http://afs.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1577%2F1548-8675(2000)020%3C0931%3AEODMRF%3E2.0.CO%3B2.
^A.S. Revill; N.K. Dulvy & R. Holst (January 2005). “The survival of discarded lesser-spotted dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula) in the Western English Channel beam trawl fishery”. Fisheries Research71 (1): 121–124. doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2004.07.006.
^B. Mesnil (1996). “When discards survive : Accounting for survival of discards in fisheries assessments” (PDF). Aquatic Living Resources9: 209–215. doi:10.1051/alr:1996024. http://www.alr-journal.org/index.php?option=article&access=standard&Itemid=129&url=/articles/alr/pdf/1996/03/alr96302.pdf.
^M. Bergmann; P.G. Moore (2001). “Survival of decapod crustaceans discarded in the Nephrops fishery of the Clyde Sea area, Scotland”. ICES Journal of Marine Science58 (1): 163–171. doi:10.1006/jmsc.2000.0999.
^ abcdeI. Clucas. “A study of the options for utilization of bycatch and discards from marine capture fisheries”. FAO Technical Paper928: 57pp. http://www.fao.org/docrep/w6602e/w6602E00.htm.
^T Løbach; A K Viem (September 1996). “Compatibility and applicability of discard/retention rules for the conservation and utilisation of fishery resources in the Northwest Atlantic”. Workshop on Discard/Retention Rules. St Petersburg..
^R.Q. Grafton (1996). “ITQs: theory and practice”. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries6: 5–20. doi:10.1007/BF00058517.
References
Kelleher, Kieran (2005) Discards in the world’s marine fisheries. An update. FAO fisheries technical paper 470. ISBN 92-5-105289-1
Population dynamics of fisheries ·Shifting baseline ·Fish stock ·Fish mortality ·Stock assessment ·Fish measurement ·Fish counter ·Biomass ·Fisheries acoustics ·Acoustic tags ·GIS and aquatic science ·EcoSCOPE ·Age class structure ·Trophic cascades ·Marine biology ·Aquatic ecosystems ·Diversity of fish ·Bioeconomics ·Ecopath ·Fishbase ·FMAP ·Census of Marine Life ·Fisheries databases ·Institutes ·Fisheries scientists
Management
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List of articles by topic areas · Alphabetical list of articles · Fisheries glossary
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This page was last modified on 7 January 2010 at 15:55.
Little Sioux can be the name of one of two places in Iowa, the United States:
Little Sioux, Iowa, a small town in Harrison County
The Little Sioux Scout Ranch, a Boy Scouts of America camp near the town.
The Little Sioux River
This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Sioux”
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This article does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009)
Calcium bicarbonate
IUPAC name
Calcium bicarbonate
other names
Calcium hydrogen carbonate
Properties
Molecular formula
Ca(HCO3)2
Molar mass
162.11464 g/mol
Solubility in water
16.1 g/100 mL (0 °C)
16.6 g/100 mL (20°C)
18.4 g/100 mL (100 °C)
Hazards
R-phrases
R36
Flash point
Non-Flammable
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox references
Calcium bicarbonate (Ca(HCO3)2), also called calcium hydrogen carbonate, does not refer to a known solid compound; it exists only in aqueous solution containing the ions calcium (Ca2+), dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2), bicarbonate (HCO3–), and carbonate (CO32–). The relative concentrations of these carbon-containing species depend on the pH; bicarbonate predominates within the range 6.36-10.25 in fresh water.
All waters in contact with the atmosphere absorb carbon dioxide, and as these waters come into contact with rocks and sediments they acquire metal ions, most commonly calcium and magnesium, so most natural waters that come from streams, lakes, and especially wells, can be regarded as dilute solutions of these bicarbonates. These hard waters tend to form carbonate scale in pipes and boilers and they react with soaps to form an undesirable scum.
Attempts to prepare compounds such as calcium bicarbonate by evaporating its solution to dryness invariably yield the solid carbonate instead: Ca(HCO3)2(aq) ? CO2(g) + H2O(l) + CaCO3(s). Very few solid bicarbonates other than those of the alkali metals and ammonium ion are known to exist.
The above reaction is very important to the formation of stalactites, stalagmites, columns, and other speleothems within caves and, for that matter, in the formation of the caves themselves. As water containing carbon dioxide (including extra CO2 acquired from soil organisms) passes through limestone or other calcium carbonate containing minerals, it dissolves part of the calcium carbonate and hence becomes richer in bicarbonate. As the groundwater enters the cave, the excess carbon dioxide is released from the solution of the bicarbonate, causing the much less soluble calcium carbonate to be deposited.
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_bicarbonate”
Categories: Bicarbonates | Acid salts | Calcium compoundsHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from December 2009 | All articles lacking sources | Chemical pages needing a structure drawing | Chemical pages needing a CAS Registry Number
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List of mints
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Numismatics portal
Mints are facilities that mint coins or print banknotes.
Contents
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59External links
Argentina
Casa de la Moneda de la Republica Argentina
Australia
Melbourne Mint
Perth Mint
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Royal Australian Mint
Note Printing Australia
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Austrian Mint
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Monnaie Royale de Belgique or Koninklijke Munt van België
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Casa da Moeda do Brasil
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Royal Bruneian Mint, Bandar Seri Begawan
Bulgaria
Bulgarian Mint
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Royal Canadian Mint
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Santiago mint (Casa de Moneda de Chile) . Established 1743.
China, People’s Republic of
China Banknote Printing and Minting
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Central Mint of China
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Casa de la Moneda (Colombian Currency House)
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This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
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Ron Lewis
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Ron Lewis
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Kentucky’s 2nd district
In office
May 26, 1994 – January 3, 2009
Preceded by
William Natcher
Succeeded by
Brett Guthrie
Born
September 14, 1946 (1946-09-14)(age 63) McKell, Greenup County, Kentucky
Political party
Republican
Spouse(s)
Kayi Lewis
Residence
Cecilia, Kentucky
Alma mater
University of Kentucky, Morehead State University
Occupation
College professor, minister, salesman
Religion
Southern Baptist
Ronald E. “Ron” Lewis (born September 14, 1946), an American politician who was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from 1994-2009, representing the 2nd Congressional District of Kentucky.
Lewis announced on January 29, 2008, that he would not run for an eighth term.
Contents
1Early life, education, and career
2Congressional career
2.11994 election
2.2Political positions
2.31996–2004 campaigns
2.42006
2.5Committee Assignments
3Retirement
4References
5External links
Early life, education, and career
Lewis was born in McKell near South Shore in Greenup County in far northeastern Kentucky. He graduated from McKell High School in 1964. He attended Morehead State University in Morehead in Rowan County from 1964 to 1967 and graduated from the University of Kentucky at Lexington in 1969 with a bachelor of arts degree in history and political science. Lewis returned to Morehead in 1980 to earn a master’s degree in professional education in 1981.
At twenty-one, Lewis worked in the 1967 gubernatorial campaign of Louie B. Nunn of Glasgow. Nunn’s victory got Lewis a state job for a time and encouragement to run in 1971 for the Kentucky House of Representatives in his native Greenup County. Though he lost the legislative race in a Democratic year in Kentucky, Lewis maintained an interest in GOP politics. In 1972, Lewis served briefly in the U.S. Navy, attending the Navy Officer Candidate School in Pensacola, Florida; a kidney ailment resulted in a quick medical discharge .
Lewis worked in sales for several companies, including Ashland Oil, before teaching for five years at Watterson College in Louisville, Kentucky, having begun in 1980. (The school closed in the 1990s.) He also was ordained as a Southern Baptist minister in 1980, having served as pastor for the historic White Mills Baptist Church, after attending the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in Louisville. In 1985 Lewis opened a religious bookstore, Alpha and Omega Bookstore, in Elizabethtown. In the early 1980s, he was a pastor at Friendship Baptist Church, located outside Hodgenville.
Lewis has been married to Kayi Gambill Lewis since 1966. They live in Cecilia, near Elizabethtown, and have two children.
Congressional career
1994 election
In 1994, Lewis filed to run against longtime Democratic William H. Natcher in the general election in November 1994. The Second District was predominantly Democratic in terms of voter registration, and Lewis, named as a candidate by the state GOP leadership and Senator Mitch McConnell, was considered somewhat of a “sacrificial lamb”.
Natcher died in late March 1994, and a special election was called in May 1994 to replace him. In the special election, Lewis faced Joe Prather, a state senator from Hardin County, Kentucky. Lewis got support from numerous national Republican sources and many religious conservative groups, enabling him to run a very strong campaign in a district that had not elected a Republican in 129 years. Lewis tied Prather to an unpopular Bill Clinton and a proposal to raise taxes on tobacco, the staple crop of the state. He also took advantage of the 2nd’s socially conservative tilt.
In a major upset, Lewis defeated Prather by a 55-45 percent in an election with less than a 20 percent turnout. It was a result that many political pundits, as Larry J. Sabato noted in his Crystal Ball newsletter, saw as a harbinger of the Republican gains in Congress in the regular election later that year. Lewis was elected to a full term that November, defeating Democrat David Adkisson with 60 percent of the vote.
One of the centerpieces of Lewis’ 1994 campaign was term limits in Washington. He was one of five Republicans who signed a pledge committing themselves to a limited number of terms if elected. In 1998, Lewis sent a letter to 3,000 constituents in 1998 informing them he had changed his mind about running in 2002 and beyond. “I made a mistake in 1994, and I admit that. I had said I would not run past 2002,” he told the Elizabethtown News Enterprise in October 1998.
Political positions
According to the non-partisan website TheMiddleClass.org, Ron Lewis has consistently voted against tax increases and expansion of social programs.
In 2004 Lewis joined numerous Republican colleagues in sponsoring legislation that would allow lawmakers to override certain Supreme Court decisions by a two-thirds vote of the House and Senate. Lewis likened his proposal to the existing right of Congress to override a presidential veto with a two-thirds majority.
1996–2004 campaigns
Lewis won a second full term in 1996 with 58 percent of the vote, but did not face another serious bid until 2006. In the 2004 election, he defeated Democrat Adam Smith, getting 68 percent of the vote.
2006
In the 2006 election, Lewis defeated retired U.S. Army Colonel Mike Weaver, a former member of the Kentucky House of Representatives. Weaver gave Lewis his first credible challenge in a decade, holding him to only 55 percent of the vote.
Committee Assignments
Ways and Means Committee
Subcommittee on Social Security
Subcommittee on Trade
Republican Policy Committee
Retirement
On January 29, 2008, Lewis announced he wouldn’t run for reelection in 2008 on the same day as the filing deadline; he was hoping to ensure the GOP nomination would be won by his chief of staff, Daniel London, but State Senator Brett Guthrie also filed for the race. The decision shocked and angered many prominent Kentucky Republicans, Lewis said he was tired of splitting his time between Washington and Kentucky, and that serving in Congress hadn’t been as much fun since Democrats took over control in 2007.
On the Democratic side, State Senator David Boswell and Daviess County Judge-Executive Reid Haire filed. Guthrie emerged the winner over Boswell.
Lewis has deposited his congressional papers at Baptist-affiliated Campbellsville University in Campbellsville, the seat of Taylor County.
References
^ http://www.war-veterans.org/Vetlegis1.htm
^ Election Exceptions, Crystal Ball, U.Va
^ Mark Birtel, “Term-limits: as the pledges come home to roost”, Campaigns & Elections, February 1999
^ John Stamper, “Term-limits promise, ‘change of heart’ have candidates at odds”, Lexington Herald-Leader, October 27, 2006
^ Ron Lewis (R-KY) | TheMiddleClass.org
^“Veteran Democrat state senator to take on Lewis”. Associated Press. 2008-01-04. http://www.kentucky.com/news/state/story/276005.html.
^Gerth, Joseph (2008-01-29). “Lewis drops re-election bid”. Courier-Journal. http://www.courier-journal.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080129/NEWS01/80129042.
^Gerth, Joseph (2008-01-30). “Lunsford to challenge McConnell; Lewis is out”. Courier-Journal. http://www.courier-journal.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080130/NEWS0106/801300833.
^The Campbellsvillian: The Magazine for Alumni and Friends of Campbellsville University, February 2009, back cover photograph and caption
External links
Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
Voting record maintained by The Washington Post
Campaign finance reports and data at the Federal Election Commission
Campaign contributions at OpenSecrets.org
Biography, voting record, and interest group ratings at Project Vote Smart
Issue positions and quotes at On The Issues
Profile at SourceWatch Congresspedia
Campaign 2004 Profile of Lewis USA Today
Stand on taxing social security income
United States House of Representatives
Preceded by William H. Natcher
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Kentucky’s 2nd congressional district
May 26, 1994 - January 3, 2009
Succeeded by Brett Guthrie
Persondata
NAME
Lewis, Ron
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION
Kentucky politician
DATE OF BIRTH
September 14, 1946
PLACE OF BIRTH
South Shore, Kentucky
DATE OF DEATH
living
PLACE OF DEATH
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Lewis”
Categories: Members of the United States House of Representatives from Kentucky | Baptists from the United States | Southern Baptist Theological Seminary alumni | Baptist ministers from the United States | 1946 births | Living people | University of Kentucky alumni | Morehead State University alumni | Kentucky Republicans | People from Greenup County, Kentucky | People from Hardin County, Kentucky | People from Elizabethtown, Kentucky
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This page was last modified on 17 January 2010 at 18:17.
This article does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2009)
Content Addressable Memory (CAM) table is a common term usually referring to the Dynamic Content Addressable Memory on an Ethernet switch.
Contents
1Ethernet Switching
2Ethernet Switch - CAM ? Ethernet Hub
3Role of the CAM Table
4Attacks
Ethernet Switching
A Ethernet switch’s role is to copy bits (referred to as Ethernet frames) from one port to another, quickly, at layer two of the OSI model. The presence of a CAM table is one attribute that separates a switch from a hub. Without a functional CAM table, all frames received by a network switch would be echoed back out to all other switch ports, much like an Ethernet hub. CAM tables are often the target of layer 2 network attacks in a local area network to set up man-in-the-middle attacks.
Ethernet Switch - CAM ? Ethernet Hub
A layer 2 Ethernet switch’s role is to copy bits (formatted in frames) from one port to another, quickly. A hub simply emits a frame received on one port back out to all connected ports. A switch should only emits a frame on the port where the destination network device resides (unicast), unless the frame is for all nodes on the switch (broadcast) or multiple nodes (multicast).
Role of the CAM Table
Generally, the CAM table is a system memory construct used by Ethernet switch logic to dereference Media Access Control (MAC) addresses of stations to the ports on which they connect to the switch itself. This allows switches to facilitate communications between connected stations at high speed and in full-duplex regardless of how many devices are connected to the switch. The CAM table is consulted to make the frame forwarding decision. On Ethernet networks that transmit IP, switches learn MAC addresses from the source address of Ethernet frames on the ports, such as Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) response packets.
Attacks
Main article: MAC flooding
A threat agent which has control of a device connected to an Ethernet switch can attack the switch’s CAM table. This attack usually involves exploiting a vulnerability in switch design that appears when the switch runs out of space to record all of the MAC-port mappings it learns. If the table fills up due to MAC flooding, most switches are no longer able to reliably map a MAC to a port. Rather than give up on delivering frames, the switch begins to echo any received frame to all ports. In the case of unicast datagrams, data formerly only available to the communications endpoint nodes is now available to all nodes on the switch. This is an inherent confidentiality vulnerability in many Ethernet switches. When the switch is operating in this temporary state, any cleartext data is visible to a watching third party. This also can cause impaired performance levels on the switch.
This computer network-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v•d•e
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAM_Table”
Categories: Ethernet | Networking hardware | Computer memory | Computer network stubsHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from April 2009 | All articles lacking sources
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This page was last modified on 29 November 2009 at 21:57.
Total 6
Gmina Czaplinek
Gmina Drawsko Pomorskie
Gmina Kalisz Pomorski
Gmina Ostrowice
Gmina Wierzchowo
Gmina Z?ocieniec
Area
- Total
1,764.21 km2 (681.2 sq mi)
Population (2006)
- Total
58,073
- Density
32.9/km2 (85.3/sq mi)
- Urban
35,764
- Rural
22,309
Car plates
ZDR
Website
http://www.powiatdrawski.pl
Drawsko County (Polish: powiat drawski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the town of Drawsko Pomorskie, which lies 82 kilometres (51 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin. The county contains three other towns: Z?ocieniec, 15 km (9 mi) east of Drawsko Pomorskie, Czaplinek, 29 km (18 mi) east of Drawsko Pomorskie, and Kalisz Pomorski, 29 km (18 mi) south of Drawsko Pomorskie.
The county covers an area of 1,764.21 square kilometres (681.2 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 58,073, out of which the population of Z?ocieniec is 13,377, that of Drawsko Pomorskie is 11,465, that of Czaplinek is 6,933, that of Kalisz Pomorski is 3,989, and the rural population is 22,309.
The eastern part of the county contains part of the protected area known as Drawsko Landscape Park.
Neighbouring counties
Drawsko County is bordered by ?widwin County to the north, Szczecinek County and Z?otów County to the east, Wa?cz County to the south-east, Choszczno County to the south, Stargard County to the west, and ?obez County to the north-west.
Administrative division
The county is subdivided into six gminas (four urban-rural and two rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.
Gmina
Type
Area
(km²)
Population
(2006)
Seat
Gmina Drawsko Pomorskie
urban-rural
344.8
16,537
Drawsko Pomorskie
Gmina Z?ocieniec
urban-rural
194.5
15,571
Z?ocieniec
Gmina Czaplinek
urban-rural
364.7
11,795
Czaplinek
Gmina Kalisz Pomorski
urban-rural
480.5
7,150
Kalisz Pomorski
Gmina Wierzchowo
rural
229.3
4,489
Wierzchowo
Gmina Ostrowice
rural
150.4
2,531
Ostrowice
References
Polish official population figures 2006
v•d•e
Drawsko County
Seat: Drawsko Pomorskie
Urban-rural gminas
Gmina Czaplinek • Gmina Drawsko Pomorskie • Gmina Kalisz Pomorski • Gmina Z?ocieniec
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawsko_County”
Categories: Drawsko County | Land counties of West Pomeranian VoivodeshipHidden categories: Articles containing Polish language text
Monopolowa is a vodka made in Austria originated from Poland. It is distilled from potatoes. It scored a 94 at the 2003 International Review of Spirits, the highest score, tying with Stolichnaya, from Russia. It is produced under the brand of and with the recipes of the pre-war Polish spirits producer J. A. Baczewski.
History
Monopolowa is a Polish language generic adjective referring to state monopoly. Nevertheless, this name refers to a privilege of the nobility. In the mid-17th century, a monopoly was granted to the szlachta on producing and selling vodka in their territories. (see History of the vodka in Poland)
Monopolowa is a distinctive potato vodka, produced of a traditional formula, imbued with a distinct intensity, smoothness, depth of flavor and complexity of character, all attributable to a “back-to-basics” tradition of being distilled from potatoes. (Vodka, native to Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, as well as Russia, was traditionally assumed to be made from potatoes. Presently, most other vodkas are produced from grain.)
Monopolowa was produced by J. A. Baczewski until the Second World War. After the war, the Austrian Gessler company bought the licence and the rights to production.
After Poland became a democratic country in 1989, the Starogard Gda?ski based branch of the Polmos company started to produce several of J.A. Baczewski’s products under license from Altvater Gessler - J.A. Baczewski International (USA) Inc. However, in the late 1990s the license was terminated and production in Poland was halted.
Monopolowa has consistently scored top marks in awards and is attractive for consumers looking for a high quality product with a low price. In 2008 the independent Beverage Testing Institute has given Monopolowa a rating of 92 points out of 100, calling it “exceptional”.
External links
Media related to Monopolowa vodka at Wikimedia Commons
Official website of Monopolowa
Beverage Testing Institute | Monopolowa Potato Vodka
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopolowa”
Categories: Polish vodkas
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This page was last modified on 20 September 2009 at 22:35.
Media related to Monopolowa vodka at Wikimedia Commons